1. Introduction -- Why a dynamic history? -- Macrohistorical evolution and the six C's model of culture change -- Theoretical implications for the present day -- References -- Stage I. Pre-Columbian period 30,000 B.C. to A.D. 1519 -- 1. Human evolution in Mesoamerica -- Ecological adaptation -- Agricultural revolution -- Refinement of sociocultural life -- Olmecs, mother culture -- Chichimecas, migration from Aztlan -- Notes -- 2. Intact and stable social order -- Class : nobility supported by commoners -- Land system -- Social classes and life -- Rise of the state -- Confederacy and trade -- Culture : pantheon of gods, moral order, and literary tradition -- Education -- Religious practices and moral code -- Color : intragroup racism -- Culture as a basis for oppression -- 3. Breakup and transformation of the social order -- Contact : conquerors seek riches -- Background to exploration and discovery -- Cortes begins conquest -- Montezuma and the legend of Quetzalcoatl -- Mexico-Tenochtitlan -- Conflict : destruction of Tenochtitlan -- Causes of Aztec defeat -- Friction over land and religious practices -- Change : colonial practices begin -- Adoption of Christianity -- Religious syncretism -- Initial changes in land, labor, and wealth -- Missionary program -- Beginnings of instability -- References --
Stage II. Spanish colonial era 1521 to 1821 -- 4. Intact and stable social order -- Class : haciendas and debt peons -- Spanish motives -- Encomienda -- Repartimiento -- Hacienda system and debt peonage -- Social role of hacendados -- Life of the debt peons : Mechicanos -- Rationale of the social classes -- Culture : Hispanicization and Mestizaje -- Shift in cultural orientation -- Introduction of Catholicism -- Mestizaje : cultural blending -- Cultural resistance and marginality -- Problems of adaptation -- Political structure -- Education : a double standard -- Native reactions and resultant problems -- Color : roots of racism and racial barriers -- Ethnocentrism and development -- Mestizaje : racial mixture -- Mestizo mentality -- Race and social class -- Effects of racism -- Racism and group conflicts -- 5. Breakup and transformation of the social order -- Contact : enlightment -- Background to the enlightenment -- Revolutionary beginnings -- Enlightenment legacy -- Conflict : independence -- Liberals vs. conservatives -- 1810 : El Grito de Dolores -- 1821 : peace -- Change : experimentation and nationalism -- Age of the caudillo -- Early difficulties -- Conflict over Indian program -- References --
Stage III. Mexican independence and nationalism, 1821 to 1846 -- 6. Intact and stable social order -- Class : ideological struggle between liberals and conservatives -- Mexico under Criollos -- Peasant conditions -- Republicas de Indios -- Haciendas -- Peasant economy and ideological changes -- The role of women -- Events in Northern Mexico -- Economic enterprises in the North -- Breakup of California missions -- Variations of the system in New Mexico -- Rancho life -- Mexican Texas -- Culture : budding Mexicanismo -- First steps toward national unity -- Psychocultural aspects of peasantry -- Decline of cultural imperialism -- Cultural variant in Northern Mexico -- Economic influence on cultural patterns -- Color : Mestizaje and lingering racism -- First challenges to racism -- Problems of redefinition -- Role of Mestizos -- Race and class linkages -- Indians in the North -- 7. Breakup and transformation of the social order -- Contact : Anglo-American expansionism -- Roots of contact -- Expansionist tradition in the United States -- Background to American takeover -- Repercussions of annexation -- Conflict : end of the Mexican-American War, continuation of strife -- Texas as prelude -- Texas annexation and intrigue -- Declaration of war -- Skirmishes and resistance -- Outlaws or "social bandits"? -- Conflict as pattern -- Change : new system for Mexican-Americans -- Treaty of 1848 -- Ethnic rivalry and hostility -- Roots of friction : economic competition -- Variance in treatment of Mexicans -- New dimension to a sense of inferiority -- Basis of new cultural blending -- Cultural accommodation or disintegration -- Growth of economy -- Adaptation strategies -- References --
Stage IV. Anglo-American period 1846 to 1960s -- 8. Intact and stable social order -- Class : industrialism and urbanization -- Background to capitalism, roots of inequality -- Chicano role in the economy -- Effects of the 1910 Revolution on the United States : the push-pull factor -- LIfe in an urban environment -- Internal colonialism -- Depression, repatriation, and post-World War II mobility -- Failure of the political system -- Culture : assimilation vs. nativist acculturation -- The shifts and pulls of middle-class American culture and the ebbs and tides of Mexican immigration -- Contrast between American and Mexican culture -- Strategies and problems of adaptation -- New syncretism : pachucos -- Separatism -- Mexican background : effect of time and place on culture and identity -- Strengths and weaknesses of Mexican culture -- Aspects of cultural imperialism -- Insensitive educational practices -- Color : inter- and intragroup racism -- Ethnocentrism -- Roots of prejudice and discrimination -- "Pigmentocracy" -- Institutional racism -- Public barriers -- Reactions to mistreatment -- Reverse racists -- Roots of intragroup racism -- 9. Breakup and transformation of the social order -- Contact : civil rights ferment -- Shaping the Chicanos -- Effects of modern urban industrial system -- Precursors of change -- Nature of inequality -- Conflict : 1960s Chicano movement -- Movement background -- Groups and actions -- Consciousness-raising -- Step-up in militancy : Aztlan nation -- August 29 moratorium -- Comparisons with other groups and counterreactions -- Factionalism and aftermath of the conflict -- Change : 1970s and beyond -- State of the people -- Chicanozaje -- Chicano arts -- Educational transformations -- Revolution or reform? -- Social class and gender equality -- United States, Mexico, and undocumented immigrants -- Growing Chicano strength -- Chicanos : nativist acculturationists -- References -- Conclusion -- A look to the future : 1990s onward -- The intersection of history and culture change -- Lessons from each stage : continuity and change -- Contemporary stage, growing awareness -- Economic forces and human expansion -- Sociocultural change : the sequence of complexity -- Structural ideology -- Legacies of the past : patterns and problems -- Residue of centuries of history -- References.
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