Includes bibliographical references and index.

Did Homo Sapiens originate only in Africa? / Yes: Christopher Stringer and Robin McKie, No: Alan G. Thorne and Milford H. Wolpoff -- Did Neanderthals interbreed with modern humans? Yes: Scott Norris, No: Ian Tattersall -- Should anthropology abandon the concept of race? / Yes: Jonathan Marks, No: George W. Gill -- Are humans inherently violent? / Yes: Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson, No: Robert W. Sussman -- Can apes learn language? / Yes: E.S. Savage-Rumbaugh, No: Joel Wallman -- Did people first arrive in the new world after the last Ice Age? / Yes: Stuart J. Fiedel, No: Thomas D. Dillehay -- Did Polynesians descend from Melanesians? / Yes: John Edward Terrell, No: P.S. Bellwood -- Was there a goddess cult in prehistoric Europe? / Yes: Marija Gimbutas, No: Lynn Meskell -- Were environmental factors responsible for the Mayan collapse? / Yes: Richard E.W. Adams, No: George L. Cowgill -- Should cultural anthropology model itself on the natural sciences? / Yes: Marvin Harris, No: Clifford Geertz -- Are San hunter-gatherers basically pastoralists who have lost their herds? / Yes: James R. Denbow and Edwin N. Wilmsen, No: Jacqueline S. Solway and Richard B. Lee -- Do hunter-gatherers need supplemental food sources to live in tropical rain forests? / Yes: Thomas N. Headland; No: Serge Bahuchet, Doyle McKey, Igor de Garine.

Do sexually egalitarian societies exist? / Yes: Maria Lepowsky, No: Steven Goldberg -- Are Yanomamö violence and warfare natural human efforts to maximize reproductive fitness? Yes: Napoleon A. Chagnon, No: R. Brian Ferguson -- Was Margaret Mead's fieldwork on Samoan adolescents fundamentally flawed? / Yes: Derek Freeman, No: Lowell D. Thomas and Ellen Rhoads Holmes -- Do museums misrepresent ethnic communities around the world? / Yes: James Clifford, No: Denis Dutton -- Should the remains of prehistoric Native Americans be reburied rather than studied? / Yes: James Riding In, No: Clement W. Meighan -- Should anthropologists work to eliminate the practice of female circumcision? / Yes: Merrilee H. Salmon, No: Elliot P. Skinner -- Do anthropologists have a moral responsibility to defend the interests of 'less advantaged" communities? / Yes: James F. Weiner, No: Ron Brunton.